# Support for specific programming languages

The standard build environment makes it easy to build typical Autotools-based packages with very little code. Any other kind of package can be accomodated by overriding the appropriate phases of `stdenv`. However, there are specialised functions in Nixpkgs to easily build packages for other programming languages, such as Perl or Haskell. These are described in this chapter.

## Perl

Nixpkgs provides a function `buildPerlPackage`, a generic package builder function for any Perl package that has a standard `Makefile.PL`. It’s implemented in `pkgs/development/perl-modules/generic`.

Perl packages from CPAN are defined in `pkgs/perl-packages.nix`, rather than `pkgs/all-packages.nix`. Most Perl packages are so straight-forward to build that they are defined here directly, rather than having a separate function for each package called from `perl-packages.nix`. However, more complicated packages should be put in a separate file, typically in `pkgs/development/perl-modules`. Here is an example of the former:

    ClassC3 = buildPerlPackage rec {
      name = "Class-C3-0.21";
      src = fetchurl {
        url = "mirror://cpan/authors/id/F/FL/FLORA/${name}.tar.gz";
        sha256 = "1bl8z095y4js66pwxnm7s853pi9czala4sqc743fdlnk27kq94gz";
      };
    };

Note the use of `mirror://cpan/`, and the `${name}` in the URL definition to ensure that the name attribute is consistent with the source that we’re actually downloading. Perl packages are made available in `all-packages.nix` through the variable `perlPackages`. For instance, if you have a package that needs `ClassC3`, you would typically write

    foo = import ../path/to/foo.nix {
      inherit stdenv fetchurl ...;
      inherit (perlPackages) ClassC3;
    };

in `all-packages.nix`. You can test building a Perl package as follows:

    $ nix-build -A perlPackages.ClassC3

`buildPerlPackage` adds `perl-` to the start of the name attribute, so the package above is actually called `perl-Class-C3-0.21`. So to install it, you can say:

    $ nix-env -i perl-Class-C3

(Of course you can also install using the attribute name: `nix-env -i -A perlPackages.ClassC3`.)

So what does `buildPerlPackage` do? It does the following:

1. In the configure phase, it calls `perl Makefile.PL` to generate a Makefile. You can set the variable `makeMakerFlags` to pass flags to `Makefile.PL`

2. It adds the contents of the `PERL5LIB` environment variable to `#! .../bin/perl` line of Perl scripts as `-I`dir`` flags. This ensures that a script can find its dependencies.

3. In the fixup phase, it writes the propagated build inputs (`propagatedBuildInputs`) to the file `$out/nix-support/propagated-user-env-packages`. `nix-env` recursively installs all packages listed in this file when you install a package that has it. This ensures that a Perl package can find its dependencies.

`buildPerlPackage` is built on top of `stdenv`, so everything can be customised in the usual way. For instance, the `BerkeleyDB` module has a `preConfigure` hook to generate a configuration file used by `Makefile.PL`:

    {buildPerlPackage, fetchurl, db4}:

    buildPerlPackage rec {
      name = "BerkeleyDB-0.36";

      src = fetchurl {
        url = "mirror://cpan/authors/id/P/PM/PMQS/${name}.tar.gz";
        sha256 = "07xf50riarb60l1h6m2dqmql8q5dij619712fsgw7ach04d8g3z1";
      };

      preConfigure = ''
        echo "LIB = ${db4}/lib" > config.in
        echo "INCLUDE = ${db4}/include" >> config.in
      '';
    }

Dependencies on other Perl packages can be specified in the `buildInputs` and `propagatedBuildInputs` attributes. If something is exclusively a build-time dependency, use `buildInputs`; if it’s (also) a runtime dependency, use `propagatedBuildInputs`. For instance, this builds a Perl module that has runtime dependencies on a bunch of other modules:

    ClassC3Componentised = buildPerlPackage rec {
      name = "Class-C3-Componentised-1.0004";
      src = fetchurl {
        url = "mirror://cpan/authors/id/A/AS/ASH/${name}.tar.gz";
        sha256 = "0xql73jkcdbq4q9m0b0rnca6nrlvf5hyzy8is0crdk65bynvs8q1";
      };
      propagatedBuildInputs = [
        ClassC3 ClassInspector TestException MROCompat
      ];
    };

## Python

Python packages that use `setuptools`, which many Python packages do nowadays, can be built very simply using the `buildPythonPackage` function. This function is implemented in `pkgs/development/python-modules/generic/default.nix` and works similarly to `buildPerlPackage`. (See ssec-language-perl for details.)

Python packages that use `buildPythonPackage` are defined in `pkgs/top-level/python-packages.nix`. Most of them are simple. For example:

    twisted = buildPythonPackage {
      name = "twisted-8.1.0";

      src = fetchurl {
        url = http://tmrc.mit.edu/mirror/twisted/Twisted/8.1/Twisted-8.1.0.tar.bz2;
        sha256 = "0q25zbr4xzknaghha72mq57kh53qw1bf8csgp63pm9sfi72qhirl";
      };

      propagatedBuildInputs = [ pkgs.ZopeInterface ];

      meta = {
        homepage = http://twistedmatrix.com/;
        description = "Twisted, an event-driven networking engine written in Python";
        license = "MIT";
      };
    };